What is the main difference between the two libraries? During 1998 and 1999 I visited many Indonesian secondary school libraries in order to assess the quality and quantity of learning resources available for teachers generally, and in particular for foreign language learning. In general the libraries did not appear to be very well utilized and in most cases they were empty (of students). Upon questioning library staff about the library's facilities and their perceptions of the needs for their library, and how they could improve library utilzation they usually identified the following issues:

• Need more magazines
• Need more books on general knowledge
• Need more books on computing
• Need more "How to" type books (skills development)
• Need computers for the staff to use
• Need more library staff
• Need more shelves
• Need a larger library space

It is interesting to note that library staff very rarely indicated that they required more text books or that books on EBTANAS were a priority. School libraries varied greatly. Some libraries like the one in the photo on the left at Mataram, Lombok and also Lab School in Jakarta, appeared to be healthy, stimulating and active learning environments, however, these were very rare indeed. More significant is the issue that even though nearly all the libraries that I visited had no students in them library staff did not identify this as a problem. In those few schools where there were students in the libraries, upon questioning I discovered that the students were usually either sick, were Christians and their class was having Islamic studies, or the class teacher was away.

How does the Indonesian National Library view the importance of school libraries? They believe that school libraries should be the "pusat belajar mengajar" (centre for learning and teaching) of the school. However, the general current situation is that students only receive an opportunity to visit their libraries during the school breaks which are very short. The libraries usually close when classes finish and students are not given the opportunity to visit libraries during class time. Basically school libraries function as book storerooms (gudang buku). The answer to the question which I asked at the beginning of this paper "What is the main difference between the two libraries?" is - there are students in the library on the left! If we strive to improve the book collection, systems for cataloging the books, staff skills, staff numbers, and other facilities in the library our efforts will be entirely wasted unles we first address the issue of improving library utilization. Clearly the main issue confronting school library development is how do we improve the attitude of both staff and students towards the role of the library.

Consistent with recent developments in school based management (SBM) the responsibility for library development now rests upon the shoulders of the school community and the librarian to begin to address these issues. In the past when I asked school librarians what they were doing to address the library issues that they identified the answer was fairly consistent "waiting for funds". Waiting for funds, like waiting for instructions (menunggu petunjuk) is now no longer a valid response (if it ever was). School librarians and communities have to become pro-active in addressing all school issues especially one as important as library development and improving student interest in reading (minat baca). Interest in reading and developing the ability to learn independently (mandiri) are critical skills that will be necessary for the future development of the country (particularly in an era of globalization).

How can we begin to address the issue of library utilization?
Firstly, we must increase the opportunities that students have to utilize their school library. For single-shift schools it is imperative that the library remains open for at least two hours after regular classes finish. This will provide an opportunity for students to relax and enjoy some light reading while waiting for transport or to be picked up from school. They can plan to work together with other students to research information for homework assignments, or to extend their knowledge. Some students may find it difficult to work at home because they are part of a large family and it is difficult to find a queit place to work. This opportunity for the students to remain at school may also be very suitable for families where both parents are working. However, this concept of students remaining in the school after class will need to be socialized and this is a task for the librarian and the school principal to initiate together.

Who will pay the cost of the salaries of the staff who work back? There are a number of options and what option you chose will depend upon your particular situation, this is a "school based decision". The following options are only provided as suggestions. The staff may be able to be funded from BP3 funds. This option may provide significant financial help to a large number of library staff who are not permanent employees (extremely low salaries). Another option is that a couple of administration staff commence duties two hours later in the morning and finish two hours later (no cost). Or, they could have the option of not having to work on Saturdays (again no increased cost).

Secondly, teachers and the whole school community should work together to provide every opportunity for their students to utilize their school library. Tasks should be set by teachers which require their students to utilize the library. Rather than continually spoon-feeding information to the students, create active learning strategies which require the students to find some of the answers themselves. These activities should also include students going to the library during class times. For example, you could set them small tasks which have to be completed within 10 minutes based upon information which the have to access in the library. These activities will require planning and pre-scheduling with the library staff. The library will have to create a booking schedule. For a number of the students retention will be improved by incorporating multiple learning strategies like this. Each student has their own "cognitive style" and some students will particularly aspire to this form of learning.

Thirdly, staff should set an example. Staff should be seen regularly using the library to improve their own skills and for addressing their professional development needs. By doing this staff will also improve their own knowledge of the library and as a result their references to material in the library will also help to stimulate student interest.

The second and third strategieas mentioned above will also require socialization of the concepts. This is another responsibility for the school librarian working in conjunction with the school principal.

How can we improve student interest in the library and books?
Firstly, we must actively promote books and the library itself.

The promotion of the library and the book collection (especially new books) can be conducted in many ways. Verbal promotion through announcements at school assemblies can be very effective. A weekly library newsletter distributed to each class can also be quite effective (1 copy per class which the teacher can place on the wall). However, the first step should be to have a noticeboard which is dedicated especially to promoting the library. This noticeboard can be used to display new materials and books, special articles which could be of interest to the students (hobbies, fashion, curent affairs, etc.), library operational information, new library displays, and competitions which the library may organize from time to time (see the photo on the left, you can click on it to get a closer view). It is very important that this noticeboard is strategically placed. In the photo on the right you can see that the noticeboard at this school has been placed beside the front gate. All students entering and leaving the school must go past this noticeboard, and often they stop at this point to chat before going home.

The placement of the library itself is a critical issue. Where do you think the library should be placed strategically if it is to become the "Pusat Belajar Mengajar"? I will discuss this issue later, however, in the case of this school the library was at the rear or the school on the second level (clue - not an ideal position) this therefore makes the use of a strategically placed library noticeboard even more important.

When we tried to purchase a noticeboard sufficiently large enough for the library the cheapest noticeboard that we could find was about Rp 400,000.00 and it had to be ordered without being able to see a sample first. As I believed that this price was probably beyond what most schools could afford for such an item I started to investigate the cost of making a noticeboard. The plywood for the back, the timber for the frame and edges, and the glue cost about Rp 40,000.00 and the blue covering material cost Rp 20,000.00. When I started searching for the soft-board material one of the staff mentioned that there was an old piece of soft-board at the back of the school. Upon investigation I found the piece of material shown on the left. The school administration staff (TU) cut the material to the correct size and sanded it smoothe.

After cutting the plywood for the back and the frame for around the edges of the noticeboard the old soft-board was covered with blue material to hide its aged color and to make the noticeboard attractive. The material was glued onto the surface of the soft-board using a contact adhesive and the excess material was trimmed off. The softboard was then glued to the backboard and the edging timber was affixed by nails. I suggest that the edging should be painted before assembly but we didn't have the paint at the time and we wanted to set-up the noticeboard for the first day of school term.

Here you can see what the finished unpainted noticeboard looks like. The total cost was about Rp 60,000.00 and was constructed by the school TU staff. The TU staff at this school do not have any special carpentry skills. It is important that we begin to maximize the human resources that we have in our schools. In the "new paradigm for school development" small cost-effective projects like this offer achievable, sustainable, and replicable options.

Secondly, we must promote the importance of the school library to parents and the general community. The parents and the outside community are excellent resources for both financial and other support. By promoting the library we are making the statement "we care" and we are actively trying to improve the existing situation. Often this action itself will result in donations of money and books. However, we must also actively seek out new resources. For example, commercial airlines (airline booklets, foreign newspapers, etc.), hotels (magazines and books left behind in hotels), government departments (educational and other publications), embassies (information booklets, etc), etc. In this new-era the search for sponsors is also permissable. For instance SMU 23 in Bandung has gained financial support for many of its projects form sponsors like Telkom, and private sponsors.

Thirdly, we must continually work on making the library environment as helpful, supportive, friendly, and study coducive as possible. The staff should be carefully chosen because of their personal qualities and their ability to relate to students in a supportive and effective manner.

If we are going to move away from the "book storeroom" paradigm we must pay special attention to the affective management of the total environment. The photo on the left shows how about 20% of the floor space of an actual school library was being utilized (most book storerooms are better managerd). Under the old paradigm it didn't really matter because students rarely entered the library anyway. Libraries often become like this because the staff working in the library are not sufficiently empowered to have control over their library. They are told by senior staff that the storage of the books (in this case textbooks) is only temporary and that there are no other options except to store them here. However, the situation becomes long-term and eventually even the library staff become unaware of the problem. Staff in all areas must now become accountable and therefore we must empower them so that they can manage their own environments effectively. NOTE: The door at the rear is the fire escape. This situation is also presents a serious safety hazard.

The photos above show how the furniture in this library has been re-organized so as to allow different modes of learning (group, pair, individual, video viewing, etc.). To the left of the pictures are some comfortable chairs and a magazine reading area. The environment is certainly not yet perfect, however, improvement is a continuouus process and in the case of this school renovation or re-location of the library is imminent.

Safari Buku Thirdly, we must include the students in the planning and development of the library. The students must be involved at all stages, and one way of doing this is by the use of a student library committee. The students shown on the left would make an excellent library committee. They are second year SMU students and they helped me greatly by participating in a book safari (safari buku). I asked them to accompany me to two bookstores after classes had finished and to choose 10 book titles each that they would like included in the school's library collection. The list of books is included as appendix 1. I believe that lists like this may provide us with important information for planning our school library book collections. If we are serious about addressing the issue of improving student interest in reading we must attempt to provide them with books which they find interesting to read. I also collected some suggestions for generic categories of reading materials from students who were using the library after hours (the library now remains open till 4.00 pm) and these mainly included comics and contemporary magazines. It is believed that students in their third year of their studies are probably too busy for participation on a library committee, however, I believe it would provide useful input if you could include a few year 3 students in the group.

No	JUDUL	PENERBIT	SUMBER/PENGARANG	HARGA
1	273 Rangkaian Elektronika	PT Elex Media Komputindo	Elektuur	Rp22,500
2	Sukses Beternak Jangkrik	PT Penebar Swadaya	Ir.Fany P.Paimin, Ir.L.E Pudjiastuti, Dra. Esniwati	Rp11,900
3	Mengenal Newton for Beginners	Mizan	William Rankin	Rp20,000
4	Mengenal Teori Kuantum for Beginners	Mizan	J.P Mc.Evoy & Oscar Zarate	Rp20,000
5	Mengenal Hawking for Beginners	Mizan	J.P Mc.Evoy & Oscar Zarate	Rp20,000
6	Mengenal Alam Semesta for Beginners	Mizan	Felix Pirani & Christine Roche	Rp20,000
7	Vademekum Elektronika Edisi II	PT Gramedia	Wasito S	Rp50,000
8	Aneka Rangkaian Elektronika untuk Musisi	PT Elex Media Komputindo	Andri Saepudin	Rp16,500
9	Orang Hilang	Pabelan Jayakarta	FX Rudi Gunawan	Rp11,000
10	Penghapus Dosa dan Pahala Amal Saleh	Lentera	Abdul Qadir Atha
11	Lupus “Cowok Matre”	PT Gramedia	Hilman dan Boim	Rp11,000
12	Lupus “The Lost Boy”	PT Gramedia	Hilman dan Boim	Rp9,000
13	The X Files “Fresh Bone Voodoo”	PT Elex Media Komputindo	Chris Carter	Rp14,800
14	The X Files “Hungry Ghosts”	PT Elex Media Komputindo	Chris Carter	Rp14,800
15	Dajjal dan Simbol Setan	Gema Insani Press	Toto Tasmara	Rp22,500
16	Humor Reformasi		Ompu Marthuliang	Rp9,900
17	Aneka Kisah dan Gambar Huahaha	Mitra Utama	Mitra Utama	Rp11,400
18	Goose bumps “Napas Vampir”	PT Gramedia	R.L Stine	Rp8,500
19	Goosebumps “Manusia Siluman”	PT Gramedia	R.L Stine	Rp8,000
20	Gober Bebek “Milyader Cilik”	PT Gramedia		Rp6,000
21	Misteri Alam Jin	Pustaka Hidayah	Firyal Ulwan	Rp7,600
22	Menolak dan Membantengi Diri dari Sihir	Pustaka Hidayah	Abdul Khaliq	Rp19,200
23	Menyingkap Tabir Rahasia Makhluk Halus	CV Citra Pelajar	Bani Razi	Rp6,750
24	Syetan Sebagai Tertuduh Dalam Masalah Sihir	PT Bina Ilmu	Umar Hasyim	Rp9,750
25	Jejak Rasul	Provo Publ;ikasi	Afdian S	Rp19,000
26	Dongeng Klasik Indonesia	PT Gramedia	Sanggap Tumpal	Rp25,000
27	Seri Membuat Sendiri Boneka Handuk	PT Elex Media Komputindo	PT Elex Media Komputindo	Rp5,800
28	Seri Membuat Sendiri Boneka Flanel	PT Elex Media Komputindo	PT Elex Media Komputindo	Rp5,800
29	The Ghost	PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama	Danielle Steele	Rp22,000
30	Si Kembar di Sekolah yang Baru	PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama	Enid Blyton	Rp10,500
31	Small Miracles	PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama	Yitta Halberstam & Judith Leventhal	Rp28,000
32	Voice of the Heart	PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama	Barbara Taylor Bradford	Rp25,000
33	Setulus Cinta	PT Gramedia	Chiung yao	Rp13,500
34	Bayang - Bayang Masa Lalu	PT Gramedia	Pearl S. Buck	Rp12,000
35	The End of Summer	PT Gramedia	Rosamunde Pilcher	Rp10,000
36	Donal Bebek Edisi Nostalgia	PT Gramedia	Walt Disney’s	Rp12,000
37	The Horse Whisper	PT Gramedia	Nicholas Evans	Rp19,000
38	Obelix dan Kawan – Kawan	Pustaka Sinar Harapan	Uderzo & Goscinny	Rp16,500
39	Kumpulan Dongeng Andersen	PT Gramedia	Christian Andersen	Rp29,000
40	The Prom Queen	PT Gramedia	R.L Stine	Rp9,500
41	Switched	PT Gramedia	R.L Stine	Rp9,500
42	Kegelapan yang Mencekam	PT Gramedia	Christopher Carr	Rp8,800
43	Gitar Lagu & Akord	Eska Media	R.E Rangkuti	Rp3,500
44	Berpikir Positif	Binarupa Aksara	Norman Vincent Peale	Rp19,800
45	Journey of the Heart	Topaz	Marjorie Farrel	Rp35,000
46	Shaq! That Magical Rookie Season	Tribune		Rp30,000
47	The end of the Age	Professional Books	Pat Robertson	Rp30,000
48	Sukacita yang Abadi	Metandia	Gary Smalley	Rp10,000
49	106 Pertanyaan Anak-Anak Mengenai Dunia Kita	Bina Communio		Rp18,000
50	The Craft of Photography/Keterampilan Fotografi	Prof.Dr.R.M Soelarko	Prof.Dr.R.M Soelarko	Rp15,000
51	My Best Book of Enid Blyton	Award Publications	Enid Blyton	Rp31,900
52	Decorative Origami for Parties & Celebrations	Grange Books	Paul Jackson	Rp93,500
53	Jesus in Blue Jeans/Jesus Berblue Jeans	Dabara Publishers	Laurie Beth Jones	Rp22,500
54	Read it Yourself Story Book/Bacalah Sendiri Buku Ceritamu	Disney	Disney	Rp25,000
55	The Surprise Party	PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama	R.L Stine	Rp9,500
56	Silent Honor	PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama	Danielle Steele	Rp19,000
57	Tell Me Your Dreams	PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama	Sidney Sheldon	Rp25,000
58	Asterix:Pertarungan Antar Kepala Suku	Pustaka Sinar Harapan	Uderzo & Goscinny	Rp16,500
59	Asterix dan Putri Rahazade	Pustaka Sinar Harapan	Uderzo & Goscinny	Rp16,500
60	The Ranch	PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama	Danielle Steele	Rp18,400
61	Message in A Bottle	PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama	Nicholas Sparks	Rp22,000
62	Liga Italia	PT Elex Media Komputindo		Rp20,000
63	Legenda Rasetsu	PT Elex Media Komputindo	Harumo Sanazaki	Rp6,000
64	Happines Keyword	PT Elex Media Komputindo	Chikako Kikukawa	Rp6,000
65	Coffe Romance	PT Elex Media Komputindo	Hazuki Arai	Rp6,000
66	Murderous Intent	PT Elex Media Komputindo	Chikako Kikukawa	Rp6,000
67	Tolong!	PT Elex Media Komputindo	Kanon Iguchi	Rp6,000
68	Saman	Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia	Ayu Utami	Rp20,000
69	14 Jurus Membuat Komik	Creativ Media	Toni Masdiono	Rp24,800
70	A Cup of Chicken Soup for the Soul	PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama	Jack Canfiel, M.V Hansen & B.Spilchuk	Rp17,500
71	Peramal	PT Elex Media Komputindo	Kanon Iguchi	Rp6,000
72	Bad Dreams	PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama	R.L Stine	Rp9,500
73	Chicken Soup for the Teenage Soul	PT Gramedia	Jack Canfiel, M.V Hansen, Kimberley Kirberger	Rp22,000
74	Asterix:Sang Peramal	Pustaka Sinar Harapan	Uderzo & Goscinny	Rp16,500
75	Animorphs:Serbuan Makhluk Asing	PT Gramedia	Applegate	Rp10,500
76	Ilmuwan Yang Mengubah Dunia-Alexander Flemming	PT Gramedia		Rp8,500
77	Doa Menghasilkan Sejahtera	Immanuel	Kenneth E.Hagin	Rp9,000
78	Silent Night	PT Gramedia	Mary Higgins Clark	Rp11,000
79	Pujilah Dia Dengan Rebana dan Tarian	Metanoia	Margrate Yap	Rp15,000
80	Kita Orang Yang Dikasihi	Professional Books	Ken Blanchard	Rp15,000
81	Malting Friends	PT Grasindo	Andrew Mathews	Rp18,750
82	Suara Sang Guru	Yayasan Bentang Budaya	Kahlil Gibran	Rp15,000
83	Renungan Spiritual	Yayasan Bentang Budaya	Kahlil Gibran	Rp13,500
84	Sejarah Filsafat Yunani	Penerbit Kanisius	Dr. K.Bertens	Rp12,500
85	Plato, Jalan Menuju Pengetahuan Yang Benar	Kanisius	Dr. Konrad Kebung Beoang, SVD	Rp5,800
86	Inspirasi Kehidupan, Rahasia Hidup Bijaksana dan Bahagia	Betlehem	Margaret Fishback Powers	Rp8,500
87	Kamus Jerman - Indonesia, Indonesia -Jerman	Rajawali Pers	Datje Rahajoekoesoemah	Rp85,000
88	Manusia Tidak mati	PT Gramedia	Aiko Gibo	Rp15,000
89	Confidence (Percaya Diri) Sumber Sukses & Kemandirian	PT Gramedia	Barbara De Angelis, Ph.D	Rp12,000
90	Memahami 10 Perintah Allah	Sola Gracia	Pdt. Erastus Sabdono MTh	Rp10,000
91	Embun Bagi Jiwa	Yayasan Gloria	Kathy Collard Miller & D.Larry Miller	Rp19,600
92	Bernadette-Kisah Penampakan Bunda Maria di Lourdes	Cipta Loka Caraka	D. Walne – J. Flory	Rp7,000
93	Misteri Pulau Tengkorak	Alfred Hitchcock	PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama	Rp 8.500,-
94	Misteri Kucing Bengkok	Alfred Hitchcock	PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama	Rp 8.500,-
95	Meningkatkan Kecerdasan Emosional	Jeanne Segal, Ph.D	Citra Aksara Publishing	Rp 27.500,-
96	Pedoman Praktis, Program Untuk Memperkuat Naluri & Emosi Anda	-	-	-
97	Asterix, Obelix Yang Malang	Goscinny- A. Uderzo	Pustaka Sinar Harapan	Rp 16.500,-
98	Asterix (Perjalanan ke Mesopotamia)	Goscinny- A. Uderzo	Pustaka Sinar harapan	Rp 16.500,-
99	No Greater Love	Danielle Steel	PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama	Rp 24.000,-
100	Lupus Kecil Bolos	Hilman & Boim	PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama	Rp 8.500,-
102	Lupus Kecil Guruku Manis Sekali	Hilman & Boim	PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama	Rp 7.500,-
102	Tintin Rahasia Pulau Hitam	Herge	Indira	Rp 29.500
103	Asterix Gladiator	Goscinny- A.Uderzo	Pustaka Sinar Harapan	Rp 16.500,-
104	Asterix Negeri Dewa-Dewa	Goscinny- A.Uderzo	Pustaka Sinar Harapan	Rp 16.500,-
105	Tintin di Danau	Herge	Indira	Rp 29.750,-
106	Peperangan Rohani Bagi Setiap Orang Kristen	Dean Sherman bersama Bill Payne		Rp 14.000,-
107	1500 Cerita Bermakna Untuk Renungan, Khotbah & Ceramah Anda Jilid-I	Frank Mihalic,SVD	Obor	Rp 18.500,-
108	Experiencing GOD	Henry T. Blackaby & Claude V.King	Inter Aksara	Rp 29.800,-
109	EQ Landasan Untuk Meraih Sukses Pribadi dan Karier	Dr. patricia Patton	Mitra Media	Rp 22.500,-
110	The Tao of Islam	Sadriko Murata	Mizan	Rp 32.500,-
111	Asal Usul Manusia Menurut Bibel, Al-Qur'an, Sains	Dr. Maurice Bucaille	Mizan	Rp 17.400,-
112	Islam Dalam Berbagai Dimensi	Dr. Daud Rasyid, MA	Gema Insani Press	Rp 19.900,-